He rewrote the dedication: "To the memory of a great man." I
suspect this meant that the man he thought Napoleon to have been was worth
celebrating, but was now "dead." The Symphony premiered on April 7, 1805. On November 20 of that year, his only opera, Fidelio, premiered. The following year, with Napoleon on the march, the Holy Roman Empire, the First Reich, founded by Charlemagne, collapsed after 1,006 years.
He was 34, and had hit his stride: With Mozart dead, and Haydn forced into retirement by advancing age and illness (he died in 1809), Beethoven had become Europe's, and by definition the world's, most sought-after composer. But, in one of the great ironies in the history of artistic expression, he had begun to lose his hearing. He could still write the notes he wanted to hear on a scale, and he could produce them on a piano, but he could no longer hear them sufficiently. He could still conduct an orchestra playing his works in front of a live audience, but he couldn't hear them, or the applause that resulted.
His Symphony No. 4 in B♭ major premiered on April 13, 1808.
On December 22, 6 days after his presumed 38th birthday, there was a double premiere for his 5th and his 6th. Symphony No. 5 in C minor, which he titled Fate, might be the most famous piece of music ever written, with
its "Dun dun dun duhhhh… " opening. It became known as "the Victory Symphony," and, when Morse Code was created, 3 dots and a dash, " . . . - " mimicking the opening, became the symbol
for the letter V. Also, V is the Roman numeral for the number 5.
"Beethoven's 5th," long in the public domain, has been used in
everything from children's cartoons to the film V for Vendetta. In 1976, Walter Murphy
rearranged it as a disco song, "A Fifth of Beethoven," and hit Number 1 with it.
And when the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra did the opening medley for their 1981 album Hooked On Classics, of course, the opening of Beethoven's 5th was included, as was the "Ode to Joy" section of his 9th.
Symphony No. 6 in F major, the Pastoral Symphony, by comparison, is far less known. Nevertheless, had he died after this dual premiere, before writing everything that came after it, he would still have been one of the giants of world music.
After his death, found among his papers was a composition dated 1810, Bagatelle No. 25 in A minor, a piano piece that he marked "Für Elise." The piece was published under that name in 1867, and has been known by it ever since. Elise has never been positively identified.
Beethoven never married. Not that he didn't try: He is known to have had several failed romances. Like many a musical man before and after, women found him irresistible, and he was happy to oblige. His surviving letters show that he wanted to marry and have children, but his stormy personality likely doomed many of these relationships.
Found among his belongings after his death was a letter dated July 6, 1812, addressed to a woman he identified only as "Unsterbliche Geliebte," meaning "Immortal Beloved." The likeliest candidate for the recipient is Josephine Brunsvik, daughter of the Count of Brunswick. She and Ludwig had met in 1799, and they continued to meet and correspond despite her having married twice. Several letters from him, found in her possession after her death, use the term "beloved." It is also an interesting coincidence that Beethoven and Bonaparte each apparently found the love of his life in a woman named Josephine.
She was separated from her 2nd husband, an Estonian baron named Christoph von Stackelberg, in July 1812, and evidence suggests that she and Ludwig met again in Prague, in what is now Czechia. He was 41 years old, she was 33. Three days later, he wrote the letter, but never sent it. Nine months later, on April 8, 1813, Josephine gave birth to a daughter, Minona. Stackelberg believed the child was not his. Was she Beethoven's?
Also in 1812, having fallen ill and gone to the health spa town of Teplitz (now Teplice, Czechia), he met author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who, not yet having met him, had commissioned musical pieces based on his writing. Even this meeting of the minds -- Europe's greatest living composer and the German language's greatest living writer -- was fraught with conflict.
Goethe wrote of Beethoven, "His talent amazed me; unfortunately he is an utterly untamed personality, who is not altogether wrong in holding the world to be detestable, but surely does not make it any more enjoyable... by his attitude." But in 1822, Beethoven wrote to him, "The admiration, the love and esteem which already in my youth I cherished for the one and only immortal Goethe have persisted." (He seems to have liked the word "immortal." Alas, Goethe was not immortal, dying in 1832, at age 82. Famously, his last words were to call out for "Light! More light!")
Beethoven's Symphony No. 7 in A major premiered on
December 8, 1813, on a double bill with his Opus 91, Wellington's Victory, also known as the Battle Symphony, even though it is not, itself, a symphony. It was in celebration of Arthur Wellesley, the Marquess of Wellington (who was made a Duke the following year), defeating Beethoven's former hero, Napoleon, at the Battle of Vitoria in northern Spain, deciding the long, bloody Peninsular War.
Beethoven's Symphony No. 8 in F major premiered on February 27, 1814. At the age of
43, he was now profoundly deaf, and it looked like that would be it: While
others had done more symphonies, some many more – Mozart had 41, and Haydn a record 104 –
Beethoven's 8 led him to be seen as the master of the format, and it seemed difficult to
imagine that he could produce a 9th.
Indeed, the most memorable song written in 1814 would be a poem by Francis Scott Key, set to an English drinking song, "To Anacreon in Heaven." It would be titled "Defense of Fort McHenry," about the Battle of Fort McHenry in Baltimore, part of the War of 1812. It would later be retitled "The Star-Spangled Banner." The main reason the Americans were able to hang on against the British is that the British troops were divided, with their best men fighting Napoleon.
The final defeat of Napoleon, by Wellington at Waterloo, Belgium on June 18, 1815, should have been a moment of celebration for Beethoven, perhaps the inspiration for a 9th Symphony, or some other great work. But this was the beginning of a very rough period in his life, marked by what he called "an inflammatory fever" and legal issues with his family back in Bonn, including a custody battle with his sister-in-law over his nephew, following his brother's death from tuberculosis.
By 1819, his health had recovered, and he had resumed composing, but the last of his hearing was gone. He had to have someone with him at all times, both of them with notebooks, and that's how they would communicate. (Apparently, despite being the historical figure most known for deafness, he never learned sign language, which had existed in various forms for centuries, or to read lips.) The survival of those notebooks has aided biographers and music historians for over 200 years.
He saw Josephine Brunsvik again as late as 1816. She died in 1821. That year, Beethoven composed the last 2 of his 32 piano sonatas, and some music historians are convinced they are both requiems for her. By that point, he was ill again, with rheumatism and jaundice.
The Philharmonic Society of London commissioned a 9th Symphony from him in 1817, but he couldn't do it, due to his illness and his other issues. Finally, in Autumn 1822, he began, and finished it in February 1824.
On May 7, it premiered at the Theater am Kärntnertor (the Carinthian Gate Theater) in Vienna. George IV was on the throne of Britain. Louis XVIII of France was dying, and would be replaced by his much more conservative brother Charles X within 5 months. Simón Bolívar was leading the South American wars of liberation.
James Monroe was the President of the United States. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were still alive; Abraham Lincoln was 15, and Ulysses S. Grant was 2. There were 24 States in the Union. The fastest method of communication was still a man on a horse: There was no telegraph, and no railroad. And baseball was still around 20 years away from being developed.
William Blake was still alive, and Lord Byron had died 18 days before. Victor Hugo was 22 years old, and Alexandre Dumas pere soon would be. Ralph Waldo Emerson was 21 and at Harvard University. Edgar Allan Poe was 15, Alfred Tennyson was 14, Charles Dickens was 12, Henry David Thoreau was 6, and Walt Whitman was 5. Charlotte Brontë was 8, Emily was 6, and Anne was 4.
Gioachino Rossini was 32, and, with Beethoven's deafness in mind, was probably then the European composer most in demand. Johan Strauss I, eventually the composer of the Radetzky March, was 20. His son, Johan II, eventually the composer of The Blue Danube, was born the next year. Felix Mendelssohn was 15, Frédéric Chopin was 14, and Franz Liszt was 13. Johannes Brahms was born 9 years to the day later.
Composer Franz Schubert was in attendance. So was the Chancellor of the Austrian Empire, Klemens von Metternich, one of the architects of the post-Napoleon Congress of Vienna. Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, and by this point the 1st Emperor of Austria, did not attend. Nor did King Frederick William III of Prussia, to whom the Symphony was dedicated.
To sing for this symphony, Beethoven had personally recruited 2 young women who had already begun to make names for themselves, even though he had never heard them sing: Henriette Sontag, an 18-year-old soprano from Koblenz; and Caroline Unger, a 20-year-old Viennese contralto.
The words he wrote for them suggested that someone told him, "Me: French is a language of love. So is Spanish. So is Italian. German could never be a language of love." And he said, "Halte mein Bier... "
Joseph Böhm, the Hungarian first violin that night, recalled:
Beethoven himself conducted, that is, he stood in front of a conductor's stand and threw himself back and forth like a madman. At one moment he stretched to his full height, at the next he crouched down to the floor, he flailed about with his hands and feet as though he wanted to play all the instruments and sing all the chorus parts. The actual direction was in [Louis] Duport's hands; we musicians followed his baton only.
The 4th and final movement includes a section titled "Freude, schöner Götterfunken." No, this does not mean that God Himself was getting funky upon the advice of Sigmund Freud, who, though he made his name in Vienna, would not be born until 1856 (and would become a committed atheist). It means "Joy, beautiful spark of the gods." It has become known as "The Ode to Joy," and is the most familiar part of the composition. It has been used for many things, from an Easter hymn to the theme for the 1990s NBC sitcom Suddenly Susan.
When the Symphony was over, Beethoven was several bars off and still conducting. Fraulein Unger walked over, and gently turned him around to accept the audience's cheers and applause.
One year to the day later, on May 7, 1825, Antonio Salieri, institutionalized due to dementia, died.
By late 1826, Beethoven fell ill again, and by March 1827 was bedridden. According to Austrian composer Anselm Hüttenbrenner, a friend who was there over the last few days, on March 24, he said to those present, in Latin, "Plaudite, amici, comoedia finita est," meaning, "Applaud, friends, the comedy is over." Later that day, a gift of a case of wine arrived. When told, he whispered, "Pity. Too late."
At 5:00 in the afternoon on March 26, there was a flash of lightning and a clap of thunder. At this, Hüttenbrenner said, "Beethoven opened his eyes, lifted his right hand and looked up for several seconds with his fist clenched... not another breath, not a heartbeat more." He was 56 years old, and left everything he had to his nephew, Karl.
When Mozart had died in Vienna, 36 years earlier, there was not much of a funeral procession, and he was buried in an unmarked grave. When Beethoven died, there was a torchlight funeral procession of 10,000 people, including Hüttenbrenner and Schubert. He was laid to rest in Vienna's Central Cemetery. Schubert had syphilis, and died only a year and a half later, at the age of 31.
Karl van Beethoven served in the Austrian army, then failed at business, but was able to live comfortably on royalties from his uncle's works. He died in 1858, of liver failure. He had 5 children, the last survivor of them living until 1919. The male Beethoven line has died out, but Karl's daughters have descendants who live today.
Minona von Stackelberg became a "lady's companion" -- someone to keep an older woman of means company, not at all implying a lesbian relationship -- and lived until 1897, age 84.
Minona von Stackelberg. Was she Beethoven's daughter?
Louis Duport, the conductor for the 9th's premiere, died in 1853. Henriette Sontag, later the Countess Rossi, lived until 1854; Caroline Unger, until 1877.
Built in 1763, after a previous theater on the site burned down, the Theater am Kärntnertor in Vienna was replaced in 1869, across the street named Walfischgasse, with the Vienna State Opera House. The Hotel Sacher was built on the site of the premiere of Beethoven's 9th.
The Vienna State Opera House (left) and the Hotel Sacher
In Charles Schulz' comic strip Peanuts, the character of Schroeder was a pianist, and obsessed with Beethoven. In 1956, rock and roll pioneer Chuck Berry had a hit with a song titled "Roll Over Beethoven," using him as a stand-in for all the music that teenagers' parents liked, from classical to the more recent Hit Parade stuff.
Berry was a smart guy, but, in this case, he didn't know what he was talking about: Beethoven rocked harder than most classical composers, and while he didn't use drugs, he drank and womanized as much as any rocker of the latter half of the 20th Century.
UPDATE: No less a piano-based rocker than Billy Joel said, in a 2025 interview with Far Out magazine, "From early on, I felt Beethoven. I still think he is the greatest composer who ever lived. To me, he was the most human composer. With Beethoven, I hear the stops and the starts and the friction and the struggles that he had when he was writing. He had to struggle. The man was deaf when he wrote most of this stuff."
In 2011, the YouTube series Epic Rap Battles of History featured "Justin Bieber vs. Ludwig van Beethoven," the big star of the moment against an all-timer. Although ERB co-founder Nice Peter didn't give Beethoven a German accent (he later would give Mozart one in a battle against electronic songwriter Skrillex), he really roasted Bieber:
There's a crowd of millions waiting
to hear my symphonies!
You wanna be a little white Usher?
Here: Show then to their seats!
There's an even better joke about Beethoven's 9th:
The Boston Symphony recently performed Beethoven's Ninth symphony, which is a wonderful piece that has a part near the end in which the bass violins do nothing. So, the bassists snuck offstage, out the back door, and next door to the local pub for a drink.
After quickly gulping down a few stiff drinks, one of them checked his watch and said, "Oh no, we only have 30 seconds to get back!"
Another bassist said, "Don't worry, I tied the last page of the conductor's score down with string to give us a bit more time. We'll be fine."
So, they staggered and stumbled back into the concert hall and took their places just as the conductor was busily working on the knot in the string so he could finish the symphony.
Someone in the audience asked his companion, "What's going on? Is there a problem?"
His companion said, "This is a critical point: It's the bottom of the Ninth, the score's tied, and the bassists are loaded!"
In 1985, the European Union adopted the "Ode to Joy" section of Beethoven's 9th as the Anthem of Europe.
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